Falling Meteors

Falling Meteors

来自 MicroBlocks

Boards
主板:

micro:bit

Component/s
配件:

无需配件

What You'll Do

In this project, you'll create a game for the BBC micro:bit. Using the buttons, the player will move a shield to catch falling meteors and save the Earth.

The techniques you learn in this project can be used to make many other games for the BBC micro:bit, including classics such as Pong and Space Invaders.

What You Should Know

Those familiar with a blocks language like Scratch, and who have used forever loops, if blocks, and variables will feel comfortable doing this project.

Those who have never programmed are encouraged to try this project, too. It's fun, and the step-by-step instructions explain how the code works as you go.

Experienced coders can skip ahead and build the scripts shown in the All the Scripts section to get their game up and running as quickly as possible. They can then explore the remix suggestions or think up their own refinements.

What You Need

You need a BBC micro:bit:

A micro:bit board

You also need a computer with a USB port, a USB cable to connect the micro:bit to your computer, and the (free!) MicroBlocks software.

Procedure

Step 1: Create the Shield

In this game, the player will use the A and B buttons to move a shield back and forth to protect the Earth from falling meteors. The shield will be one lit LED in the 5 x 5 LED display. The shield will always be in the bottom row, but we need to keep track of how far left or right it is. The LEDs are numbered from 1 to 5 from left to right. We'll use a variable to keep track of where the shield is.

What's a Variable?

In programming, a variable is used to remember a value so you can use it later. A rounded block with the name of the variable can be inserted anywhere you can type in a value. For example, if you had a score variable you might use it with the say block:

Saying the value of a variable

You could use the change by block to increase the score by 1:

Changing the value of a variable

You could use the set to block to reset the score to zero at the start of the game:

Setting the value of a variable

When your micro:bit is connected, you can click on a variable to see its value. A little talk bubble with the value will appear next to the variable.

Don't worry if variables are a new idea; you'll see how they work as we go along.

To create a variable, click on the Variables category on the left side of the MicroBlocks screen and then click on the Add a variable button.

MicroBlocks will ask for the name of the variable. Enter shield x and click the OK button.

A new shield x block will appear the Variables category. You'll use that block in your program to say how far left or right the shield is. Click on that block to see it's current value:

The "shield x" variable

Trouble?

Check that your micro:bit is correctly set up and connected. The indicator circle should be green. If it is not, check that you installed the MicroBlocks firmware on your micro:bit, that the micro:bit is attached to the computer with a USB cable, and that you don't have a bad or "power only" USB cable.

Now, add a script to make the shield appear on the LED display. Drag out and assemble blocks into a script like this:

Drawing the shield

When your script looks right, click the play button at the top right. A glowing outline will appear around your script to show that it's running.

One LED in the middle of the bottom row will light up:

The shield showing up in the micro:bit

Step 2: Make the Shield Move

Drag out a change var by 1 block from the Variables category, select shield x from the menu, and click on it:

Increment the "shield x" variable

If your display script is running, you'll see the lit LED move one LED to the right. You can use this idea to make a script that moves the shield to the right when the B button is pressed:

Moving the shield with button B

After you've built this script, click the play button, then press the B (right) button on the micro:bit. The lit LED moves to the right. Yay!

But, wait -- after the lit LED has moved several steps to the right, it disappears! Looks like the program has a bug.

Debugging

No worries. Even the most expert professional programmers write code with bugs. Finding and fixing bugs is part of the normal programming process, just as fixing spelling and grammar mistakes is part of the writing process. Debugging is fun! Like a detective, you look for clues, and like a scientist you do experiments to learn more about the bug.

In this case, clicking on the shield x block provides a valuable clue:

Debugging the value of "shield x"

That number is greater than 5. Since the micro:bit LED array is only 5 LEDs wide, that means your shield has moved past the right edge of the display. To check this theory, set shield x to a number between 1 and 5:

Setting "shield x" to 1

The lit LED will reappear. Clicking the play button will also make it reappear, because the first block of the display script sets shield x to 3. (Someone was thinking ahead when they included that block!)

To fix this bug, use an if block so that the shield only moves to the right if that would not make it go off the right edge of the screen:

Only increment "shield x" if it's lower than 5

Now build a similar script to make the A (left) button move the shield to the left:

Button A moves the shield to the left

As a head start on building this script, you can duplicate the button B script. Right-click on the top block of button B script then select duplicate all from the menu.

Note that the button A script is a sort of mirror image version of the button B script. It changes shield x by -1 and the if block makes sure that shield x is greater than one; that is, that the shield has room to move one step left without going off the edge of the screen.

Click the button and test moving the shield right and left. It should not disappear if you try to go past the edges.

So far so good. But the shield moves too slowly to catch a fast-falling meteor.

To speed things up, change the number in the wait 500 milliseconds blocks to something smaller, like 50 or 100. Notice that if you make that number too small, like 5, then the shield zips from one side to the other too fast, and it's difficult to stop it somewhere in the middle. Experiment to find a number that feels good to you.

Step 3: Add Falling Meteors

Let's add a meteor that starts at the top of the LED display and falls down. Like the shield, the meteor needs a variable to keep track of its left-to-right position. It also needs a variable to keep track of its top-to-bottom position. Use the Add a variable button to add two new variables, meteor x and meteor y. You'll end up with three variables:

The "shield x" variable The "meteor x" variable The "meteor y" variable

Now, add this script to make the meteor fall:

Meteor fall script

This script sets the meteor's left-right position to a random number between 1 (far left) and 5 (far right). The meteor y variable is set to 0 so that it starts just above the LED display. (LED display rows are numbered 1 to 5 from top to bottom.) The blocks in the forever loop increase meteor y, making the meteor move down one row, then waits 200 milliseconds (that's 0.2 seconds) so it doesn't fall too fast. Changing that wait time will make the meteor fall slower or faster.

Now, add a block to the script that draws the shield to make it also draw the meteor:

Drawing both the shield and the meteor

To test these changes, click the button a few times. You should see a meteor appear at a random place at the top of the LED display and move down until it disappears off the bottom.

But there's a problem. We don't want the game to be over after just one meteor. We want meteors to keep falling as long as the player is able to catch them. To fix this problem, we'll use an if block to detect when the meteor has fallen off the bottom and make it start from the top again:

Resetting the meteor position

Choosing Between Multiple Solutions

Why does the script compare meteor y to 7? After all, the meteor is off the bottom of the screen as soon as meteor y is greater than 5.

Making that number a little bigger than 5 leaves a little pause between falling meteors. That same effect could have been achieved using a wait milliseconds block. There are often many ways to solve a given problem and one of the creative parts of programming is deciding which solution to use.

Insert this if block into the script that makes the meteor fall:

The complete meteor fall script

Click the play button to try this version.

Step 4: Add Collision Detection

The game now has a shield that be moved using the buttons and falling meteors, but nothing happens when the meteor hits the shield. It needs what game programmers call "collision detection".

How can we tell when the shield has blocked a meteor? Two things must be true. First, the meteor must have reached the bottom of the screen:

meteor y = 5

Second, the shield and the meteor must be at the same left-right position:

meteor x = shield x

Those two checks can be combined using an and block:

Collision condition

The and block can be used in an if block to make something happen when a collision is detected, such as displaying a starburst:

Drawing an explosion

Add this if block to the drawing script:

Complete drawing script

Summary: All the Scripts

Congratulations on completing the game. You're now an experienced micro:bit game programmer!

Here are all the scripts for the game:

Final program

Click the play button and try the game. As you play, think about whether the game is too easy or too hard. Do meteors fall at the right speed to be challenging but not impossible to catch? Does the shield move at a good speed? If not, what changes might you make to get the feel you want?

What Next?

You can disconnect your micro:bit from the computer, plug in a battery, and play this game anywhere.

Challenge yourself and your friends to see how many meteors you can catch!

Remixes

Check out the "remix" ideas below for additional features you might add, or think up your own improvements. You can even use what you've learned to make micro:bit versions of other games, such as Pong or Space Invaders.

Remix 1: Detect Game Over

It would be great to make the game end when the player misses several meteors. Here's one way to do that.

Create a new variable named misses and add a block to the draw script to set misses to zero when the game starts.

Now add another if block to the draw script:

Endgame condition

When the user misses a meteor, this code increases misses by one. It also increases meteor y by one -- that prevents this code from running more than once for each miss. Finally, if misses is more than three, it draws an "X" and stops the game. Here is the modified draw script:

Draw script with endgame

Remix 2: Keep Score

How would you keep track of how many meteor's the player has caught? Yep, with another variable! Remember to set the score to zero at the start of the game. When the game ends, it might display a symbol based on the score to tell the player how well they did. For example, it might display a smiley face if the player scored over 10 points.

Remix 3: Make it Get Harder

One way to make the game harder is to make meteors fall faster. Can you figure out which wait milliseconds block controls how fast the meteors fall? Try different numbers to see how fast you can make the meteors fall and still be able to catch them.

If you've added a score variable, maybe you could make the meteors fall faster as the player scores more points.

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© 来自 MicroBlocks 2019-2022.
This work is licensed under a CC-BY-SA 4.0 license.